Chlorine is a diatomic gas, about two and a half times denser than air, pale green in color and with an odor which was described as a ‘mix of pineapple and pepper’. ![]() The German gas warfare program was headed by Fritz Haber (1868 – 1934) whose first try for a weapon was chlorine, which he debuted at Ypres in April 1915. Thus, tear gas was never very effective as a weapon against groups of enemy soldiers. Symptoms usually resolve by 30 minutes after contact. If inhaled they also make breathing difficult. Large doses can cause temporary blindness. As lachrymatory agents, they irritate the eyes and cause uncontrolled tearing. The agent used was either xylyl bromide, which is described as smelling ‘pleasant and aromatic’, or ethyl bromoacetate, described as ‘fruity and pungent.’ Both are colorless liquids and have to be atomized to be dispersed as weapons. ![]() Several chemicals were weaponized in WWI and France actually was the first to use gas - they deployed tear gas in August 1914. Masked soldiers charge through a cloud of gas. Production of some of these dangerous chemicals continues to this day as they have peaceful uses – for example, phosgene (carbonyl dichloride) is an industrial reagent, a precursor of pharmaceuticals and other important organic compounds. It has occasionally been used since then but never in WWI quantities. Thus, chemical warfare with gases was subsequently absolutely prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. Although chemical warfare caused less than 1% of the total deaths in this war, the ‘psy-war’ or fear factor was formidable. One of the enduring hallmarks of WWI was the large-scale use of chemical weapons, commonly called, simply, ‘gas’. While the efficiency of maiming and killing steadily advanced from the 17th to the 20th centuries it accelerated by an order of magnitude in WWI with the use of inhaled poison gasses. Ultimately, in WWII it was demonstrated that a single atomic weapon could kill more than one hundred thousand of the enemy with a single use of a single weapon. Gun powder in the 16th and 17th centuries meant that - finally, sadly - one could eliminate many of his enemies with one agent of offensive effort, an artillery round. Army Veteran, and WW-I Feature WriterĮvery war brings to the fore a new way of maiming and killing soldiers. Elegant polished safety glass and heat resistant.Military Historian, U.S. Streamlined, one sided modern and attractive table top print Tempered Glass Mounts are ideal for wall display, plus the smaller sizes can also be used free-standing via an integral stand Our tote bags are made from soft durable fabric and include a strap for easy carrying Made with durable metal and luxurious printing techniques, metal prints bring images to life and add a modern touch to any spaceĪrchive quality photographic print in a durable wipe clean mouse mat with non slip backing. Sentimental and practical, personalised photo mugs make perfect gifts for loved ones, friends or work colleaguesĪccessorise your space with decorative, soft cushions ![]() Elegant polished safety toughened glass and heat resistant, matching Place Mats are also availableĮnjoy your favourite drink from a mug decorated with an image you love. Photo postcards are a great way to stay in touch with family and friends.įSC Real Wood Frame and Double Mounted with White Conservation Mountboard - Professionally Made and Ready to Hang The next best thing to owning the original artwork, with a soft textured natural surface, our fine art reproduction prints meet the standard of the most critical museum curatorsīevelled Wood Effect Framed and Mounted Prints - Professionally Made and Ready to Hang Professionally Stretched Canvas over a hidden Wooden Box Frame and Ready to Hang Photo prints supplied in custom cut card mount ready for framingĬanvas Prints add colour, depth and texture to any space. Jigsaw Puzzles are an ideal gift for any occasion Greetings Cards suitable for Birthdays, Weddings, Anniversaries, Graduations, Thank You and much moreĬontemporary Framed and Mounted Prints - Professionally Made and Ready to Hang ![]() Poster prints are produced on Vibrant Poster Paper resulting in timeless and breath-taking posters which are also ideal for framing Photo prints are produced on Vibrant Archival Photo Paper resulting in timeless and breath-taking prints which are also ideal for framing Our standard Photo Prints (ideal for framing) are sent same or next working day, with most other items shipped a few days later.
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